Many DBAs reading this blog will probably think I'm wrong, at least initially. They'll claim that managing performance is the most important thing they do, but they are confusing frequency with importance. Yes, DBAs confront performance issues more often than they build backup plans – and they better be managing performance more frequently than they are actually recovering their databases or their company has big problems!
So why do I say that recoverability is at the pinnacle of the DBA task list? Well, if you cannot recover your databases after a problem then it won’t matter how fast you can access them, will it? Anybody can deliver fast access to the wrong information (or worse yet, no information at all). It is the job of the DBA to keep the information in their company’s databases accurate, secure, and accessible.
So what do we need to do to assure the integrity of our database data? First we need to understand the availability needs of our data in terms of the business. In the event of a failure how rapidly must we be able to recover from that failure? Keep in mind that the failure could be either physical, such as a failed disk drive, or logical, such as applying the wrong input to a process which corrupts the database.
Only after we know the impact to the business can we develop an appropriate backup and recovery plan. We need service level agreements (SLAs) for recovery just like we have SLAs for performance. The recovery SLA needs to be phrased as a recovery time objective (RTO) from an application perspective; for example “The amount of time to restore application availability after a failure of the order entry system cannot exceed 2 hours (or 10 minutes or whatever is appropriate for your business)”
To create effective RTOs you will need to be able to answer the question “What is the cost of not having this data available?” When we know the expectations of the business we can work to create a backup and recovery plan that matches the requirements. There are multiple techniques and methods for backing up and recovering databases. Some techniques, while more costly, can enhance availability by recovering data more rapidly.
It is imperative that the DBA team creates an appropriate recovery strategy for each database object. This requires mapping database objects to applications so we can adopt the proper strategy in accordance with the application recovery SLA. Some database objects will participate in multiple applications, and their recovery strategy will therefore be more complex.
Not all data is created equal. Some of your databases and tables contain data that is necessary for the core of your business. Other database objects contain data that is less critical or easily derived from other sources. Armed with this information, DBAs can develop RTOs such that the recovery plan matches the needs of the business.
Establishing a reasonable backup schedule requires you to balance two competing demands: the need to take image copy backups frequently to assure reasonable recovery time, while at the same time dealing with the need to take image copies infrequently so as not to interrupt daily business. All the while keeping in mind, if you make fewer image copies you will need to apply more log records during the recovery, and the recovery will take longer. The DBA must balance these competing objectives based on RTOs, usage criteria, and the capabilities of the DBMS.
When was the last time you re-evaluated and tested your backup and recovery plans? Oh, you may have looked at disaster plans, but have you examined your ability to recover locally? Do you know how long it would take to recover your most important primary customer tables, for example, if you took a hit in the middle of the day?
Regular recoverability health checking should be a standard, documented responsibility for the DBA staff; and if you can acquire software to automate the health-check process, all the better.
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